Short answers, pulled from the story.
Reform Judaism was founded on the 17th of July 1810 when Israel Jacobson dedicated a synagogue in Seesen. This event marked the foundation date for Reform Judaism worldwide even though Jacobson himself was not yet a full-fledged reformer.
Abraham Geiger became known as the founding father of Reform Judaism after rejecting any limitations on objective research into Jewish texts. He hosted a conference of like-minded young rabbis in Wiesbaden in 1837 and argued that the Talmud must go.
Reform theology presents progressive revelation where God influences human psyche rather than being encapsulated in law. Early thinkers believed humanity marches toward full understanding manifested in moral progress towards perfection while later theologians emphasized personal relationship with creator over divine communication.
During the Classical Reform era from the 1860s to 1930s almost all liturgy was conducted in English and male babies were not required to undergo circumcision. The movement also celebrated Sabbath on Sunday and declared civil divorce sufficient by American Reform in 1869.
Tikkun Olam means repairing world and serves as a slogan under which constituents encourage participation in various initiatives for betterment society. Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism became an important lobby in service of progressive causes such as rights minorities.