Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word psychiatry first appeared in 1808 when German physician Johann Christian Reil coined the term. It literally translates to medical treatment of the soul, drawing from the ancient Greek words psyche for soul and iatry for medical healing.
Mental health professionals rely on the International Classification of Diseases edited by the World Health Organization and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association. The fifth edition of the latter arrived in May 2013 after decades of development.
Chlorpromazine revolutionized schizophrenia treatment when its effectiveness was discovered in 1952 while Lithium carbonate stabilized mood highs and lows in bipolar disorder starting in 1948. Electroconvulsive therapy sometimes gets administered for serious conditions unresponsive to standard medications.
The term anti-psychiatry appeared in 1967 when psychiatrist David Cooper coined it later popularized by Thomas Szasz. Frontal lobotomies commonly called psychosurgery largely disappeared by the late 1970s after decades of use.
Neuroimaging first utilized as a tool for psychiatry during the 1980s represents current efforts to identify objective biomarkers. Brain scans might rule out other medical illnesses but cannot accurately diagnose mental illness alone at this time.