Short answers, pulled from the story.
The French physiologist François Magendie coined the phrase pseudoscience in 1843. He used the term to label phrenology as a pseudo-science of the present day after the scientific community began dismantling the theory by the 1840s.
The Galileo gambit is a rhetorical strategy where proponents of pseudoscientific theories claim that the mainstream scientific community is suppressing the truth. This strategy compares the pseudoscientist to Galileo Galilei and his persecution by the Roman Catholic Church to cast themselves as martyrs for truth.
The Clean Water project had a budget exceeding 14 billion dollars for the years 2010 to 2017. These projects were funded by the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, and the State Duma.
The Immigration Act of 1924 in the United States sought to prevent immigration from Asia and parts of Europe. This public policy was influenced by early-twentieth-century eugenic pseudoscience that justified racism and discrimination.
Karl Popper argued that a theory is only scientific if there is an inherent possibility that it can be proven false. This criterion of falsifiability distinguishes science from non-science because pseudoscientific claims often evade this standard by making adjustments whenever evidence contradicts them.
The anti-vaccine movement persists because the study by Andrew Wakefield was eventually retracted by its publisher and Wakefield was stripped of his license to practice medicine. The movement persuades large numbers of parents to forgo vaccinations based on pseudoscientific research that falsely links childhood vaccines to autism.