Short answers, pulled from the story.
Giulio de' Medici entered the world on the 26th of May 1478 in Florence. His father Giuliano de Medici died inside the Florence Cathedral exactly one month earlier during a plot known as the Pazzi conspiracy.
Leo X created him cardinal on the 23rd of September 1513 during the first Papal consistory. Henry VIII appointed him Cardinal protector of England in January 1514 while Francis I named him cardinal protector of France in 1516.
Starving troops led by Charles III, Duke of Bourbon ravaged Rome from the 6th of May 1527 after the death of their commander. Clement surrendered himself together with Castel Sant'Angelo on the 6th of June 1527 and remained prisoner inside the fortress for six months.
Clement refused the request possibly because he acted under pressure from Charles V who held him effectively as a prisoner at that moment. He discreetly advised Henry to divorce Queen Catherine without seeking official annulment to resolve politically sensitive situations surrounding legitimacy.
Clement VII approved Nicolaus Copernicus's theory that Earth revolves around Sun in 1533. This occurred ninety-nine years before Galileo Galilei faced heresy trial and Johann Widmanstetter explained the system directly to him.