Short answers, pulled from the story.
Pope Boniface VIII was born Benedetto Caetani in Anagni, a town southeast of Rome, into a baronial family with deep connections to the papacy. He was the younger son of Roffredo Caetani and Emilia Patrasso di Guarcino, and he began his religious life in the monastery of the Friars Minor in Velletri.
Pope Boniface VIII was elected pope on the 24th of December 1294 after pressuring Pope Celestine V to abdicate. He systematized canon law by publishing the Liber Sextus in 1298, which included 88 of his own legal decisions and the collection of legal principles known as the Regulæ Juris.
Pope Boniface VIII conflicted with King Philip IV of France because Philip taxed the clergy to finance wars, which Boniface viewed as an assault on traditional clerical rights. The conflict escalated when Boniface issued the bull Clericis Laicos in February 1296 to forbid lay taxation of the clergy without prior papal approval.
On the 7th of September 1303, an army led by King Philip IV's minister Guillaume de Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna attacked Pope Boniface VIII at his palace in Anagni. The Pope was held prisoner for three days, suffered physical abuse known as the schiaffo di Anagni, and was released when the people of Anagni rose in arms to free him.
Pope Boniface VIII died on the 11th of October 1303 after suffering from a violent fever that resulted from the grief and injury he received at Anagni. He died in full possession of his senses in the Church of St. Peter near the entrance of the doors, where he was honorably buried.
Pope Clement V held a posthumous trial against the memory of Pope Boniface VIII starting in 1309 under pressure from King Philip IV of France. The Council of Vienne opened on the 16th of October 1311 and ultimately rejected the trial, effectively exonerating Boniface VIII from the charges of heresy and sodomy leveled against him.