Short answers, pulled from the story.
Political philosophy is the study of the theoretical and conceptual foundations of politics. It focuses on desirable norms and values in contrast to political science which emphasizes empirical description.
Plato discussed the role of state relation to citizens nature of justice and forms of government favoring utopian monarchy ruled by wise philosopher king. Aristotle objected to Platonic utopianism preferring practical approach ensuring political stability avoiding extremism defending perfectionism asserting humans have inborn goal developing rational and moral capacities.
The Arthashastra attributed to Kautilya described essential components of states including king ministers territory army describing their nature interaction during the 2nd millennium BCE when ancient India recorded ideas dividing social order into castes each fulfilling different role in society within Rig Veda.
John Locke prioritized individual freedom over state power as a founder of liberalism because he suggested humans born free equal primary objective state protect this natural condition through consent governed state.
Anarchism rejects hierarchical systems arguing for self-governing social structures and a stateless society known as anarchy. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was a founding figure of anarchism and saw state authority as an obstacle to equality and liberty.