Short answers, pulled from the story.
Philae touched down on the 12th of November 2014 but bounced twice after its anchoring harpoons failed to deploy and a thruster meant to hold it down did not fire. It still achieved the first-ever soft landing on a comet nucleus, though its final, uncontrolled touchdown left it in a non-optimal location and orientation.
Philae's last communication with Rosetta came on the 9th of July 2015, after which controllers could not re-establish a stable connection. Rosetta had to keep a safer distance as the comet grew more active, and by January 2016 controllers acknowledged that further contact was unlikely; on the 27th of July 2016, ESA switched off the Electrical Support System Processor Unit that had relayed commands to the lander.
Rosetta's narrow-angle camera located Philae on the 2nd of September 2016, in an image taken from 2.7 kilometres away. The lander was found lying on its side, wedged into a dark crevice in the shadow of a cliff.
Philae's instruments found a large amount of water ice under about 25 centimetres of granular material at its first touchdown site, along with sixteen organic compounds, four of which had never before been detected on a comet. In October 2020, the journal Nature reported that Philae had also found low-strength, primitive ice inside cometary boulders dating back an estimated 4.5 billion years.
Philae is named after the Philae obelisk, an artifact bearing a bilingual inscription that was used, along with the Rosetta Stone, to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Rosetta and Philae launched from French Guiana on the 2nd of March 2004 and traveled 3,907 days, close to 10.7 years, before reaching comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.