Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word pediatrics is derived from the ancient Greek terms pais for child and iatros for healer, literally meaning the healer of children. This linguistic root reveals that the concept of treating the young as a distinct category of patient is as old as Western medicine itself.
The first true pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world, Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, opened on the 1st of January 1852. This institution marked a turning point where the specialized care of children moved from the home to the institution.
The Swedish physician Nils Rosén von Rosenstein is credited as the founder of modern pediatrics. He published The diseases of children, and their remedies in 1764, which is considered the first modern textbook on the subject.
The fundamental difference between pediatric and adult medicine lies in the physiology of the child, which is substantially different from that of an adult in terms of body size, maturation, and organ function. A common adage in the field is that children are not simply little adults, a statement that underscores the complexity of treating a developing organism.
The United Nations Rights of the Child Convention in 1989 developed the Best Interest Standard of Child to prioritize children's rights and best interests. In 1995, the American Academy of Pediatrics finally acknowledged the Best Interest Standard of a Child as an ethical principle for pediatric decision-making.
In the United States, aspiring medical students will need 4 years of undergraduate courses, followed by 4 years of medical school and 3 more years of residency training. The training of pediatricians can take from four to eleven or more years depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization.