Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Swedish physician Nils Rosen von Rosenstein (1706-1773) is considered the founder of modern pediatrics as a formal specialty. His 1764 book The Diseases of Children, and Their Remedies is recognized as the first modern textbook on the subject.
The Hopital des Enfants Malades in Paris is generally accepted as the first pediatric hospital. It opened in June 1802 on the site of a former orphanage and accepted patients up to age fifteen. It continues today as the pediatric division of the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, formed in 1920.
Abraham Jacobi is known as the father of American pediatrics. He introduced the term pediatrics into English in 1859 and became the first dedicated professor of pediatrics in the world in 1860. He trained in Germany and later practiced in New York City.
Children's bodies differ from adults in several key ways that affect how drugs behave. Neonates have higher stomach pH, a larger volume of fluid distribution, fewer plasma proteins, immature liver enzymes, and different kidney clearance rates. These factors alter how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated, requiring adjusted doses and intervals.
The Pediatric Incunabula are four early printed medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology: Paolo Bagellardo's 1472 Libellus de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium, Bartholomaeus Metlinger's 1473 Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder, Cornelius Roelans's 1483 Latin compendium, and Heinrich von Louffenburg's Versehung des Leibs, written in 1429 and published in 1491.
The Subcommittee of Clinical Ethics of the Argentinean Pediatric Society holds that children can make reasonable health decisions by age 13. Recent studies have challenged that threshold downward to age 12. The American Academy of Pediatrics adopted the Best Interest Standard of Child as an ethical principle for pediatric decision-making in 1995.