Short answers, pulled from the story.
Mary Calderone was the first obstetrician-gynecologist to be board certified in the United States in 1936. She later became a pivotal figure in the birth control movement and her certification marked the beginning of a formalized era for the specialty.
The path to becoming a board-certified obstetrician-gynecologist in the United States requires 11 to 14 years of education and practical experience. This journey includes obtaining a medical degree followed by a four-year residency program approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.
The four board-certified subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology are maternal-fetal medicine, gynecological oncology, reproductive endocrinology and infertility, and female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery. These areas require additional standardized examinations and the acquisition of a Certificate of Added Qualifications.
The Nexplanon implant boasts a 99% success rate for pregnancy prevention. This T-shaped device is inserted into the upper forearm and releases birth control hormones into the body for up to three years.
The integration of obstetrics and gynaecology into a single specialty is a relatively modern development that occurred in the 20th century. Before this time, childbirth was often attended by midwives or general practitioners while gynaecological issues were treated by surgeons lacking specific training in pregnancy.