Short answers, pulled from the story.
The linguist Pānini formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text Aśtādhyāyī. This work dates back to ancient India and used a constituency grammar to describe word formation.
August Schleicher introduced the term morphology into linguistics in 1859. These early efforts laid the groundwork for understanding how words are constructed from smaller meaningful units.
Inflectional rules relate to different forms of the same lexeme while word formation rules relate to different lexemes. In the process of inflection, the word never changes its grammatical category but the resultant word may differ from its source word's grammatical category in word formation.
Turkish and practically all Turkic languages are examples of agglutinative languages where words tend to have many easily separable morphemes. Chinese serves as a standard example of an isolating language that has little to no morphology.
Verbal suffixes are morphemes added at the end of a word to change its form and directional suffixes give listeners a better idea of where the subject is headed. The verb alu means to walk while directional suffixes provide detail about direction.