Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on the 11th of December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It entered into force on the 16th of February 2005, ninety days after Russia ratified the treaty on the 18th of November 2004, satisfying the requirement that ratifying Annex I countries account for at least 55% of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions.
The US Senate passed the Byrd-Hagel Resolution in 1997 by a vote of 95-0, expressing opposition to any agreement that did not require developing countries to make emission reductions. The Clinton administration signed the Protocol on the 12th of November 1998 but never submitted it to the Senate. President George W. Bush formally opposed ratification in a letter dated the 13th of March 2001, citing economic harm and the exemption of major emitters such as China and India.
Canada announced its withdrawal on the 12th of December 2011, effective the 15th of December 2012. Canada had pledged to cut emissions to 6% below 1990 levels by 2012, but by 2009 its emissions were 17% above the 1990 baseline. Environment minister Peter Kent cited the risk of enormous financial penalties under the treaty, and the Harper government had prioritized oil sands development in Alberta.
The second commitment period, known as the Doha Amendment, covered 37 countries including Australia, the European Union and its member states, Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Japan, New Zealand, and Russia did not take on new targets. Canada had already withdrawn, and the United States had never ratified. The second period applied to about 11% of annual global greenhouse gas emissions.
All 36 countries that fully participated in the first commitment period complied. Their average annual emissions in 2008-2012 were 24.2% below 1990 levels, far exceeding the aggregate target of a 4.2% reduction. Nine countries, including Austria, Denmark, Japan, Norway, and Switzerland, had to use the flexibility mechanisms to purchase credits because their national emissions slightly exceeded their individual targets.
The three flexibility mechanisms are International Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, and Joint Implementation. International Emissions Trading allows countries to buy and sell assigned emission allowances. The Clean Development Mechanism generates emission reduction credits from projects in developing countries and was projected to produce around 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent in reductions between 2001 and 2012. Joint Implementation generates similar credits from projects within Annex I countries.