Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century. It is traditionally said to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, who ruled from 786 to 809, and to have ended with the siege of Baghdad in 1258.
The House of Wisdom was a library established in Abbasid-era Baghdad by Caliph al-Mansur in 825, modeled after the academy of Jundishapur. It drew scholars from across the Muslim world to translate the classical knowledge of the known world into Arabic and Persian, and was led for a time by the Christian physician Hunayn ibn Ishaq.
Major figures included the Persian mathematician al-Khwarizmi, described as the father of algebra, and Ibn al-Haytham, known in Europe as Alhazen and called the world's first true scientist. The physician Rhazes distinguished smallpox from measles, and Ibn al-Nafis argued that blood reaching the left ventricle first passed through the lung.
Intellectual and cultural activity flourished in Al-Andalus, especially Umayyad Córdoba, along with Seville and later Nasrid Granada, as well as Fatimid Cairo. Córdoba surpassed Constantinople as Europe's largest city and became a world-leading center of learning.
The period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate following the Mongol invasions and the destruction of Baghdad and the House of Wisdom by Hulagu Khan in 1258. Other scholars attribute the decline to cultural factors, with economic historian Joel Mokyr pointing to the philosopher al-Ghazali, or to political and economic factors analyzed through the work of Ibn Khaldun.
Hospitals were forbidden by law to turn away patients who could not pay and by the 10th century stayed open 24 hours a day, and they were the first to require medical diplomas to license doctors. Al-Zahrawi, called the Father of surgery, cataloged 278 surgical instruments and was the first to describe an ectopic pregnancy, while Ibn al-Nafis predicted the pulmonary capillaries 400 years before Marcello Malpighi discovered them.