Short answers, pulled from the story.
Isaac Newton was an English polymath who worked as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, author and inventor. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. He was born on the 25th of December 1642 and died on the 20th of March 1727.
In the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published on the 5th of July 1687, Newton stated three universal laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, laying the foundation for classical mechanics. He used the Latin word gravitas, meaning weight, for the effect known as gravity. The work was published with the encouragement and financial help of Edmond Halley.
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz both developed calculus independently, and a dispute arose over who deserved priority. The historian A. Rupert Hall concluded Newton mastered the essential techniques by the end of 1666, about nine years before Leibniz. The quarrel broke out in full force in 1711 and lasted until Leibniz's death in 1716.
Isaac Newton discovered in 1666 that colour is a property intrinsic to light, after observing that a prism spreads white light into a band of colours he named a spectrum. He built the first functional reflecting telescope in late 1668 to avoid the colour dispersion of lenses. His work on light was collected in Opticks, published in 1704.
Isaac Newton became Warden of the Royal Mint in 1696 and Master in 1699, holding the post for the last 30 years of his life. He prosecuted counterfeiters, successfully convicting 28 coiners including William Chaloner, who was hanged. He reduced the standard deviation of guinea weights from 1.3 grams to 0.75 grams and raised weekly coin output from 15,000 to 100,000 pounds.
Isaac Newton was a devout but unorthodox Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity, siding with Arius. The historian Stephen Snobelen labelled him a heretic, since Newton considered the worship of Jesus Christ as God to be idolatry. He kept these theological notebooks private, and they only became available for public examination in 1972.
Isaac Newton died in his sleep in London on the 20th of March 1727, aged 84. He was given a state funeral, the first in England for someone recognised primarily for intellectual achievement, and was the first scientist buried in Westminster Abbey. His hair was later found to contain mercury, probably from his alchemical pursuits.