Short answers, pulled from the story.
Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day 1642 as a premature infant so small that his mother claimed he could have fit inside a quart mug. His father had died three months before his birth and his mother remarried when he was three years old.
Isaac Newton developed the foundations of calculus and formulated initial theories of optics while retreating to Woolsthorpe Manor during the Great Plague of 1665. He conceived the law of universal gravitation and discovered the generalized binomial theorem during this period known as his annus mirabilis.
Isaac Newton developed the method of fluxions by the 20th of May 1665 but did not publish it until after a bitter dispute with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. The Royal Society proclaimed Newton the true discoverer in 1711 and labeled Leibniz a fraud in a study where Newton wrote the concluding remarks.
Isaac Newton constructed the first known functional reflecting telescope using reflective mirrors instead of lenses to avoid chromatic aberration. This instrument was about eight inches long and provided a clearer and larger image that allowed him to see the four Galilean moons of Jupiter and the crescent phase of Venus.
The Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published on the 5th of July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley. This work stated the three universal laws of motion and formulated the law of universal gravitation to unify the motion of objects on Earth with celestial bodies.
Isaac Newton served as warden and later Master of the Royal Mint from 1696 until his death in 1727. He prosecuted 28 coiners including William Chaloner and improved minting technology to reduce the standard deviation of the weight of guineas from 1.3 grams to 0.75 grams.