What does the Latin verb imperare mean in ancient Rome?
The Latin verb imperare means to command. Ancient Roman citizens used this word to describe absolute or kingly power held by magistrates.
Questions about Imperium
Short answers, pulled from the story.
How many lictors did consuls have during their tenure in ancient Rome?
Consuls enjoyed twelve lictors each during their tenure. The number of attendants indicated the degree of authority held by the official.
When did Lucius Sulla alter traditional limits on dictatorial imperium?
Lucius Sulla altered traditional limits on dictatorial imperium starting in the late Republic. He ignored rules requiring lictors to remove axes from fasces when entering the pomerium.
Who received an extraordinary commission granting him imperium maius over pirate forces?
Pompey received an extraordinary commission granting him imperium maius over pirate forces. This special authority placed him above all other holders of similar power within his sphere of command.
Which title became exclusively held by the emperor after the fall of the republic?
The title imperator became exclusively held by the emperor after the fall of the republic. Originally meaning army commander, it evolved into a permanent designation for sole rulers.
On what date did Pope Gregory IX excommunicate Frederick II?
The pope excommunicated him on the 20th of March 1239 labeling him a heretic and blasphemous beast. Tensions escalated after his victory at Cortenuova in 1237 against Lombard forces.