Short answers, pulled from the story.
Ilya Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his work on immunity alongside Paul Ehrlich. This award recognized his earlier experiments with starfish larvae that led to the discovery of phagocytosis.
The earliest written mention of immunity dates back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Historian Thucydides recorded that survivors who recovered from the disease could nurse others without falling ill again.
Macfarlane Burnet formulated the clonal selection theory in the mid-1950s based on suggestions from Niels Jerne. This theory resolved the long-standing debate between cellular and humoral theories of immunity.
Autoimmune disorders include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and myasthenia gravis. These conditions occur when the immune system attacks its own host body instead of foreign invaders.
Scientists conjugate antibodies with isotopic labels, fluorescent markers, or color-forming enzymes to identify substances through diagnostic testing. This method allows for the detection of various antigens despite potential errors caused by cross-reactivity.