Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hammurabi was the sixth Amorite king of Babylon, reigning from around 1792 to around 1750 BC. He inherited the throne from his father Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health, and went on to bring nearly all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule.
The Code of Hammurabi is a collection of 282 laws written by scribes on 12 tablets in Akkadian. Unlike earlier Sumerian codes that compensated the victim, it emphasized physically punishing the perpetrator and was among the first codes to establish the presumption of innocence.
The Code of Hammurabi stele is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. The Elamites had plundered it and carried it to their capital at Susa, where archaeologists rediscovered it in Iran in 1901.
Hammurabi conquered the city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, forced Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, and left only Yamhad and Qatna in the Levant independent, uniting nearly all of Mesopotamia.
Hammurabi received the unique honor of being declared a god within his own lifetime, and the name Hammurabi-ili, meaning Hammurabi is my god, became common during and after his reign. After his death he was revered as a conqueror who spread civilization and compelled all peoples to worship Marduk.
The Code of Hammurabi and the Law of Moses in the Torah contain numerous similarities, which fueled the Babel und Bibel controversy in Germany. In January 1902, Friedrich Delitzsch argued the Mosaic Laws were copied from Hammurabi's code, though most scholars now reject direct inspiration since earlier law code fragments exist.
Hammurabi was succeeded by his son Samsu-iluna around 1750 BC, and the kingdom quickly began to unravel. Babylon lost territory to Assyria, the Sealand Dynasty, Elam, and the Kassites, and was finally sacked by the Hittite Empire in 1595 BC.