Short answers, pulled from the story.
Naram-Sin of Akkad ruled from 2270 to 2218 BC. He promulgated common standards for length, area, volume, weight, time, and shekels that artisan guilds used in each city.
The Code of Hammurabi Law 234 stipulated a 2-shekel wage for each 60-gur vessel constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. This law established fixed compensation for maritime construction work during ancient Mesopotamia.
Most European countries gradually followed the abolition of guilds during the 18th and 19th centuries as industrialization made guild-based production less viable. The French Revolution accelerated this decline with the abolition of guilds in 1791.
Rouen women participated as full-fledged masters in 7 of the city's 112 guilds since the 13th century. Women held full master status in select guilds in cities like Rouen and Cologne though restrictions persisted especially in medical guilds.
In 1998 Thomas W. Malone championed a modern variant of the guild structure for independent contractors and remote workers. Professional organizations replicate guild structure and operation in fields such as architecture engineering geology and land surveying requiring varying lengths of apprenticeships before certification.
In 1878 the London livery companies established the City and Guilds of London Institute the forerunner of engineering school at Imperial College London. The aim was advancement of technical education though City and Guilds now operates as examining body for vocational managerial and engineering qualifications.