Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Greek language first appeared in written records on Linear B clay tablets found in Messenia, dating between 1450 and 1350 BC. These tablets were deciphered in the 1950s by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick. This evidence establishes the language as the world's oldest recorded living language with an unbroken thread of communication spanning over three millennia.
Alexander the Great spread Koine Greek from Egypt to the fringes of India through his conquests. This process created Koine Greek, a fusion of Ionian and Attic dialects that became the lingua franca of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East. The term Hellenism first appeared during this period to denote correct Greek.
Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece in 1976. This decision incorporated features of Katharevousa, giving birth to Standard Modern Greek, which is used today for all official purposes and in education. The conflict between Dimotiki and Katharevousa had persisted for over a century before this resolution.
The variant of the Greek alphabet in use today was introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. This late Ionic variant consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase and lowercase form, and includes diacritical signs. The writing reform of 1982 simplified the system to the monotonic orthography.
Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus. Greek-speaking communities also exist in Albania, Turkey, Bulgaria, and the Greek diaspora worldwide, including the United States, Australia, Canada, and South Africa. The historical distribution of Greek-speaking communities extends far beyond the modern borders of Greece.