Short answers, pulled from the story.
Gothic art originated in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century. Its first major expression was at the Abbey Church of St Denis, built by Abbot Suger. Before the term "Gothic" was adopted, the style was called Opus Francigenum, meaning "French work."
Raphael first applied the term "Gothic" to this art movement in a letter to Pope Leo X written around 1518, using it as a pejorative to link the style to the Gothic tribes who sacked Rome in 410. Giorgio Vasari popularized the insult from 1530, calling Gothic art a "monstrous and barbarous" "disorder."
The primary media of the Gothic period were sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco, and illuminated manuscripts. Gothic painting did not develop until around 1200, more than fifty years after Gothic architecture and sculpture had already taken shape.
Nicola Pisano (working 1258-78) and his son Giovanni were among the most significant Gothic sculptors in Italy, producing marble pulpit reliefs in Pisa, Siena, and Pistoia. Tilman Riemenschneider and Veit Stoss ran large workshops in southern Germany producing limewood altarpieces, often without polychromy. Claus Sluter and his followers produced notable International Gothic sculpture in Burgundy and Flanders around 1400.
The Psalter of Saint Louis is a Parisian illuminated manuscript made between 1253 and 1270, containing 78 full-page illuminations in tempera paint and gold leaf. It is among the most important surviving examples of early French Gothic manuscript illumination.
Images of the Virgin Mary evolved from Byzantine hieratic types to more human and intimate depictions. Artists showed Mary swaying from her hip, cuddling her infant, and displaying the manner of an aristocratic courtly lady. Cycles of the Life of the Virgin became widely popular, and depictions of the Assumption of Mary increasingly replaced the older Death of the Virgin theme.