Short answers, pulled from the story.
In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, Creator, Sustainer, and principal foundation of faith. God is often conceived as incorporeal, independent of the material creation, and the cause of all things.
The main arguments include ontological arguments formulated by Anselm and Rene Descartes, cosmological arguments based on the origin of the universe, and the teleological argument from design. Other arguments draw on beauty, morality, and conscience.
God is called Yahweh and El in Hebrew tradition, Allah in Arabic, Brahman in Hinduism, Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism, and Waheguru in Sikhism. Other names include Baha in the Baha'i Faith, Aten in ancient Egyptian Atenism, Chukwu in Igbo, and Hayyi Rabbi in Mandaeism.
Theism generally holds that God exists objectively and independently of human thought. Atheism is the rejection of belief in any deity, and agnosticism is the view that the existence of God is unknown and perhaps unknowable.
Most theists who hold that God takes an interest in humanity describe God as omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent. God is also conceived as incorporeal, transcendent over the universe, the source of all moral obligation, and the greatest conceivable existent.
Richard Dawkins held that a universe with a god would be scientifically different, while Stephen Jay Gould proposed non-overlapping magisteria separating science from theology. In their 2010 book The Grand Design, Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow argued that answering God merely deflects the question to who created God.
Monotheism holds there is only one deity, with Islam's concept of tawhid meaning oneness or uniqueness and Christianity's Trinity describing one God in Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Henotheism worships one god at a time while monolatry holds one deity alone is worthy of worship while accepting that others exist.