Short answers, pulled from the story.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the liquid part of cells known as the cytosol. This process likely began before life itself fully formed and occurs in the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans.
The Embden Meyerhof Parnas pathway is named after Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas who pieced together the puzzle over nearly a century of scientific inquiry. The first steps began in the 1850s when French scientist Louis Pasteur investigated why wine sometimes turned distasteful instead of fermenting into alcohol.
Glycolysis yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules in the pay-off phase, leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP molecules from the glycolytic pathway per glucose. The overall process converts glucose plus 2 NAD plus 2 ADP plus 2 Pi into 2 pyruvate plus 2 NADH plus 2 H plus 2 ATP plus 2 H2O.
The three regulatory enzymes are hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. Hexokinase is inhibited by high levels of glucose 6-phosphate in the cell, while phosphofructokinase is an important control point because it is one of the irreversible steps and has key allosteric effectors.
The Warburg effect is a phenomenon where malignant tumor cells perform glycolysis at a rate that is ten times faster than their noncancerous tissue counterparts. This phenomenon was first described in 1930 by Otto Warburg and is referred to as the Warburg effect.
Under low-oxygen anaerobic conditions, glycolysis is the only biochemical pathway in eukaryotes that can generate ATP. To allow glycolysis to continue, organisms must be able to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ through processes like lactic acid fermentation or ethanol fermentation.