Short answers, pulled from the story.
Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin coined the term genocide in the early 1940s by combining the Greek word genos with the Latin suffix cide. The Polish court first used the term in a verdict against SS official Arthur Greiser in 1946.
The Genocide Convention was adopted on the 9th of December 1948 and came into effect on the 12th of January 1951. Raphael Lemkin brought his proposal to the United Nations in 1946 but faced significant political opposition that narrowed his original definition.
The Genocide Convention defines genocide as specific acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. This legal definition excludes political groups and cultural destruction which were part of Lemkin's original broader concept.
The military is often the leading perpetrator of genocide because soldiers are already armed, trained to use deadly force, and required to obey orders. State-sponsored atrocities are frequently carried out in secrecy by paramilitary groups to offer plausible deniability while widening complicity.
The responsibility to protect doctrine emerged around 2000 to balance state sovereignty with the need for international intervention to prevent genocide. Disagreements in the United Nations Security Council and a lack of political will have hampered its implementation.
Survivors of genocide often face depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, suicide, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth. Studies show that while some find negative effects, others find no association with genocide survival, and there are no consistent findings that children of genocide survivors have worse health.