Short answers, pulled from the story.
Both houses of Congress passed a concurrent resolution requesting President Andrew Johnson to transmit the Fourteenth Amendment proposal on the 18th of June 1866. The amendment followed the veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which occurred on the 27th of March 1866.
The Citizenship Clause constitutionalized the grant of citizenship to all born within the United States regardless of race or prior enslavement. This clause applies except to children of foreign diplomats and was confirmed for non-citizen immigrant parents in United States v. Wong Kim Ark decided in 1898.
The Supreme Court elevated privacy to a fundamental right protecting contraceptive sales in Griswold v. Connecticut decided in 1965. Later rulings protected consensual sex in Lawrence v. Texas decided in 2003 and same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges decided in 2015 under substantive due process before abortion rights were overturned in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decided in 2022.
The Supreme Court applied the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause to state governments under the Due Process Clause in Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago decided in 1897. The court has explicitly rejected incorporation of the Fifth Amendment's Grand Jury Clause and Seventh Amendment while never addressing the Third Amendment.
The Insurrection Clause disqualifies candidates for state or federal offices if they previously took an oath to support the Constitution but then engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States. Congress established the Joint Committee on Reconstruction to address readmitting Confederate states and used Section 5 enforcement powers to remove disqualified individuals from political offices.