Short answers, pulled from the story.
Song Ci wrote a book titled Washing Away of Wrongs in 1248 that described how to solve crimes using medicine and entomology. This text from the Song dynasty in China introduced regulations for autopsy reports and explained why forensic workers must remain impartial.
Edmond Locard founded what may have been the first criminal laboratory in the world in 1910 at the Police Department of Lyon. He persuaded the department to give him two attic rooms and two assistants to begin his work there.
Alphonse Bertillon created an identification system based on anthropometry around 1879 to identify criminals and citizens. By 1884, over 240 repeat offenders were caught using the Bertillon system before fingerprinting eventually superseded these measurements.
James Marsh applied forensic science to forensics in 1832 during a murder trial involving John Bodle. He developed the Marsh test which could detect as little as one-fiftieth of a milligram of arsenic.
The United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau opened at Scotland Yard in 1901 following the Henry Classification System developed by Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose. This bureau followed Juan Vucetich setting up the world's first fingerprint bureau in 1892 after studying Galton's pattern types.