Short answers, pulled from the story.
Lieutenant General James Longstreet commanded the First Corps for most of its existence, from its formation in 1862 through the end of the war. The corps was commonly called Longstreet's Corps in recognition of his long tenure in command.
The First Corps fought in nearly all major Eastern Theater battles, including Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, and the Siege of Petersburg. The corps also fought in Tennessee at Chickamauga and participated in the Knoxville Campaign.
Longstreet was seriously wounded in the neck by friendly fire on the 6th of May 1864, shortly after organizing a successful flanking attack on the Union left flank. Command of the First Corps passed temporarily to Major General Charles W. Field before Lee assigned Richard Anderson to lead the corps.
Longstreet predicted a negative result and protested before the assault on the 3rd of July 1863, but was ordered by Lee to commence the attack. The column of an estimated 11,000 to 15,000 men advanced nearly a mile over open ground and suffered catastrophic losses, with Pickett's division alone losing over 2,600 men.
Longstreet and two of his divisions, Hood's and Pickett's, were detached on the 26th of February 1863, and sent to Suffolk, Virginia, to contain Union pressure and collect supplies. They were ordered back to Lee after roughly three weeks but the Battle of Chancellorsville ended before Longstreet arrived.
The First Corps was disbanded shortly following General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Union forces on the 9th of April 1865. On April 2, just days before the surrender, the remnants of the Third Corps were merged into the First Corps after A.P. Hill's death at Petersburg.