Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Arabic word fiqh means deep understanding or full comprehension. Historian Ibn Khaldun described it as knowledge of the rules of God concerning human actions connected to obeying divine law.
The golden age of classical Islamic jurisprudence concluded around the fall of Baghdad on the 10th of June 1258 CE which marked the start of a dark age stretching to 1876 CE. This era spanned from the early second to mid-fourth century when eight significant schools emerged.
Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i lived from 767 to 820 and codified basic principles in his book ar-Risālah detailing four roots of law including Qur'an, sunnah, ijma, and qiyas. He advanced theory with these foundational elements before later centralization occurred under the Abbasids.
Hanafi schools appear in Turkey, Balkans, Levant, Central Asia, South Asia, China, Northwest Caucasus, Lower Egypt, and Tatarstan. These regions host communities that follow this specific branch of Islamic jurisprudence derived from classical jurists.
Waqf developed during 7th to 9th centuries bears notable resemblance to trusts in English trust law which developed in England during 12th and 13th centuries. Trust law may have been introduced by Crusaders influenced by Waqf institutions they encountered in Middle East.