Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Fatimid Caliphate was founded in 909 when Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah proclaimed himself caliph at Raqqada after the conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya. It lasted until 1171, when Saladin deposed the last Fatimid caliph al-Adid and founded the Ayyubid dynasty.
The dynasty took its name from Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad. The Fatimids claimed descent from Fatima and her husband Ali, the first Shi'a imam, and the Arabic adjective for Fatima is faṭimiyy. Hostile Sunni sources instead called them the Ubaydids, after a diminutive form of the first caliph's name.
Cairo was founded in 969 by the Fatimid general Jawhar following the conquest of Egypt, under instructions from Caliph al-Mu'izz. The city was named al-Qahira, meaning "the Vanquisher" or "the Conqueror", referencing the planet Mars rising in the sky at the moment construction began.
Al-Hakim ruled from 996 until his mysterious disappearance in 1021 and is the most controversial Fatimid caliph. He ordered the demolition of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem in 1009, imposed restrictions on Christians and Jews, and halted the dynasty's regular Isma'ili doctrinal lectures. Followers who proclaimed his divinity after his disappearance became the Druze.
The Fatimid Caliphate ended in September 1171 when Saladin, the Kurdish general who had become vizier after his uncle Shirkuh's death, officially deposed the last caliph al-Adid and founded the Ayyubid Sultanate. Saladin suppressed Shi'a religious practices, ended the Isma'ili doctrinal lectures, and returned Egypt to nominal Abbasid authority.
Scholars generally regard Fatimid rule as highly tolerant toward different religious communities. Non-Muslims, including Christians and Jews, held high government posts based on merit. The first vizier appointed under Caliph al-Aziz, Ya'qub ibn Killis, was a Jewish convert. Significant exceptions occurred under Caliph al-Hakim, who ordered church demolitions and imposed restrictions on non-Muslims.