Short answers, pulled from the story.
The medical model views disability as a problem of the person, caused by disease, trauma, or other health conditions, and treatable through individual care aimed at a cure. The social model sees disability as a socially created problem, placing responsibility on society to remove barriers. Mike Oliver coined the social model of disability in 1983.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines disability as including long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder a person's full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. The convention was formally agreed on the 13th of December 2006.
In ancient Greece, disabled citizens were largely acknowledged and accommodated across society. By 370 BC the Sanctuary of Asclepius at Epidaurus had at least 11 stone ramps serving nine structures, and disabled Athenians who could not support themselves received state assistance. The Hippocratic Corpus describes physicians treating conditions such as clubfoot and cleft conditions without mentioning infanticide.
People-first language puts the person before the disability, as in a person with a disability, and is reflected in the Americans with Disabilities Act. Identity-first language describes the person as disabled, which many argue better fits the social model. In the UK, identity-first language is generally preferred.
Common disability tropes include inspiration porn, the supercrip, the disability drop, the disabled victim, and the eternally innocent. Disability theorist Jay Timothy Dolmage argues these tropes perpetuate societal myths about disabled people. Examples cited include Quasimodo, Tiny Tim, and films such as Rain Man from 1988 and Forrest Gump from 1994.
Based on US Census data, the market model of disability counts 1.2 billion people worldwide who consider themselves to have a disability. The poverty rate for working-age people with disabilities is nearly two and a half times higher than for people without disabilities.