Short answers, pulled from the story.
The United States Football League received a single dollar verdict against the National Football League in 1986. This verdict triggered a legal mechanism that tripled the amount to three dollars, creating a legal landmark from a symbolic victory.
The Salic Code established a monetary value called a weregild for every human being and every piece of property. If property was stolen or someone was injured or killed, the guilty person had to pay the weregild as restitution to the victim's family or to the owner of the property.
Proximate cause acts as a gatekeeper ensuring that liability is limited to those losses that were reasonably foreseeable by the defendant at the time of their actions. This rule governs the recovery of all compensatory damages and prevents defendants from being held accountable for remote or bizarre outcomes.
Justice Pelling observed that the measure of damages is usually assessed at the date of the wrongful act, but this is not the case if justice requires assessment at some other date. In Murfin v Ford Campbell, valuation could not be done until after the profit performance became known.
General damages for pain and suffering and loss of amenity are quantified by reference to previous awards made by the courts which are similar to the case in hand. The age of the client, the nature and extent of the injuries, and the psychological injuries that may follow all play a role in determining the final award.
Punitive damages, also termed exemplary damages in the United Kingdom, are awarded only in special cases where conduct was egregiously insidious. These damages are limited to circumstances set out by Lord Devlin in the leading case of Rookes v. Barnard, which include oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional actions by the servants of government.