Short answers, pulled from the story.
Pablo Picasso unveiled the painting called Les Demoiselles d'Avignon in 1907. This work marked a violent overturning of established conventions and birthed a new pictorial idiom known as Cubism.
Juan Gris coined the phrase Analytic Cubism retrospectively to describe this radical phase between 1910 and 1912. Artists like Picasso and Braque worked in relative privacy under the support of dealer Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler during this period.
The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris during spring 1911. Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier showed works there while no pieces by Picasso or Braque were included.
Cubist architecture flourished primarily in Bohemia especially within its capital city Prague between 1910 and 1914. Josef Gočár built the Grand Café Orient which remains the only Cubist café in existence today alongside the House of the Black Madonna.
Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du Cubisme published by Eugène Figuière in 1912 to clarify their aims as artists. This text became the first theoretical treatise on Cubism and remains the clearest explanation available today.