Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first form of citizenship emerged in ancient Greece as an exclusionary tool reserved for free men within the polis. This status systematically denied political agency to women, slaves, and resident foreigners known as metics.
Roman citizenship expanded from small-scale communities to the entire empire and transformed from political agency into a judicial safeguard. It offered rights to possess property and seek legal protection while granting lesser forms of citizenship to captives to legitimize Roman rule.
The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified on the 9th of July 1868. It stated that all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
The Reich Citizenship Law of 1935 established three categories: citizens with full rights, subjects without voting rights, and aliens with no rights. Citizens were restricted to males of German heritage who completed military service, while all women were initially conferred subject status.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was passed to drastically alter immigration quota systems in favor of a less discriminatory system. It replaced the previous national quota system that limited visas based on national origin to a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality's population in the United States in 1920.
The liberal-individualist conception views citizens as sovereign beings focused on economic betterment and civil rights with passive political engagement. The civic-republican conception emphasizes active participation in government affairs and views citizenship as a commitment to duty and civic virtue.