Short answers, pulled from the story.
A newborn human has approximately 300 bones, and many of these fuse during development to leave 206 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. The largest is the femur and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear.
The five types of bones found in the human body are long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Long bones have a shaft and rounded ends, short bones are roughly cube-shaped, flat bones are thin and curved, irregular bones have complicated shapes, and sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons.
Bone is about 30 percent flexible matrix and about 70 percent bound minerals. The matrix is 90 to 95 percent collagen, also known as ossein, while the dominant mineral is hydroxyapatite, with the nominal composition Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Collagen gives tensile strength and hydroxyapatite gives compressive strength.
Osteoblasts are mononucleate cells that form and mineralize bone by laying down osteoid, and when trapped inside the hardened bone they become osteocytes. Osteoclasts are very large multinucleate cells that break bone down through resorption, descending from the same monocyte lineage as macrophages.
Cortical or compact bone is the dense hard outer layer that accounts for 80 percent of adult skeletal mass, built from columns called osteons. Cancellous or trabecular bone is the lighter, more porous internal lattice that makes up the remaining 20 percent but carries nearly ten times the surface area of compact bone.
Bone marrow produces blood cells through a process called hematopoiesis, generating over 2.5 billion red blood cells and platelets and 50 to 100 billion granulocytes every day. It is also a major site where defective or aged red blood cells are destroyed.
Oracle bone script was a writing system used in ancient China based on inscriptions in bones, mainly ox clavicle. Mainly during the Shang dynasty, people wrote questions on the bone, burned it, and interpreted where the bone cracked as the answer.