Short answers, pulled from the story.
Anselme Payen isolated the first enzyme known as diastase in 1833. This discovery marked a turning point in how scientists viewed living matter by challenging the belief that life possessed an invisible vital force.
Carl Neuberg is often credited with coining the modern word biochemistry in 1903. The term itself appeared earlier when Vinzenz Kletzinsky published his Compendium der Biochemie in Vienna during 1858.
Six elements make up nearly 99% of human body mass including carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen calcium and phosphorus. Most organisms share these elemental needs though plants require boron and silicon differently than animals.
Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate producing net ATP gain through a ten-step pathway. This process does not require oxygen and converts NAD+ to NADH reducing equivalents.
James D Watson Francis Crick Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins solved DNA structure in the 1950s. Their work revealed how genetic information transfers within cells through molecular mechanisms.