Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Badshahi Mosque was constructed between 1671 and 1673 under the orders of the sixth Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Construction was overseen by the Emperor's foster brother and governor of Lahore, Muzaffar Hussein, also known as Fidai Khan Koka.
On the 7th of July 1799, the Sikh army of Ranjit Singh took control of Lahore and converted the mosque's 80 Hujras into quarters for soldiers and magazines for military stores. Maharaja Ranjit Singh used the vast courtyard as a stable for his army horses during this period.
The British set up the Badshahi Mosque Authority in 1852 to oversee restoration and re-establish it as a place of religious worship. The building was officially handed back to the Muslim community by John Lawrence, the Viceroy of British India, after extensive repairs began in 1939 and were completed in 1960.
The mosque can accommodate 10,000 worshippers in the prayer hall and an expansive sandstone paved courtyard that can hold 100,000 worshipers when functioning as an Idgah. This capacity makes it the largest mosque built during the Mughal era and currently the second largest mosque in Pakistan.
The Badshahi Mosque features red sandstone with white marble inlay, a departure from the intricate tile work typical of earlier Lahore mosques like the Wazir Khan Mosque. The structure includes three marble domes, four octagonal three-storey minarets at the corners, and an additional four smaller minarets at each corner of the main building.