Short answers, pulled from the story.
Stars including Aldebaran, Altair, and Deneb carry Arabic names originating from medieval Islamic astronomy. Astronomical terms such as alidade, azimuth, and nadir also come from this tradition and remain in use today.
Approximately 10,000 manuscripts from medieval Islamic astronomy are scattered throughout the world, many of which have never been read or catalogued.
The first major original Muslim work of astronomy was the Zij al-Sindhind, produced by Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in 830. It contained tables for the movements of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets visible to the naked eye.
Between 1025 and 1028, Ibn al-Haytham wrote Al-Shukuk ala Batlamyus, criticizing elements of Ptolemy's theories without disputing the geocentric model itself. His work prompted later astronomers including Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi and Ibn al-Shatir to develop alternative planetary models.
Nicolaus Copernicus mentioned al-Battani no fewer than 23 times in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and also cited him in the Commentariolus. Al-Battani's observational data is still used in geophysics.
The Maragha observatory was founded by Hulagu Khan in the 13th century in Persia, with Nasir al-Din al-Tusi supervising its construction. Over roughly 50 years, astronomers working there produced major modifications to the Ptolemaic system, including the Tusi couple and the Urdi lemma, mathematical devices later linked to Copernican astronomy.