What is the legal definition of assault in common law systems?
In common law, assault refers to a credible threat or attempt to cause physical contact, while battery involves actual bodily contact. Some jurisdictions combine these into a single crime called assault and battery.
How does Australian legislation define assault compared to other nations?
Australia commonly uses the term assault for both common assault and battery even though they remain distinct offences. New South Wales legislation defines more serious assault offences including acts done with intent to murder or wounding resulting in grievous bodily harm.
What was the ancient Greek concept of hubris regarding violence?
Hubris referred to actions which intentionally or unintentionally shamed and humiliated the victim rather than just overweening pride. Violations included what would today be termed assault and battery alongside sexual crimes ranging from forcible rape to consensual but improper activities.
Which countries have specific laws defining assault as an attack on another person without distinguishing it from battery?
South African law does not draw the distinction between assault and battery at all and defines assault as unlawfully applying force to another person. Scotland also defines assault simply as an attack upon the person of another without distinguishing it from battery.
What are the maximum penalties for assaulting emergency workers under English law?
The Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Act 2018 makes common assault an either way offence when committed against emergency workers. This carries a maximum sentence of two years imprisonment if tried on indictment.