Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first blood spilled in the modern Arab-Israeli conflict occurred on the 15th of August 1929 at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. A demonstration by Vladimir Jabotinsky's political group Betar triggered a week of riots that left 116 Arabs and 133 Jews dead.
On the 14th of May 1948, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum to declare the establishment of the State of Israel. This proclamation immediately triggered the 1948 Arab-Israeli War as armies from Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invaded the nascent state.
The Six-Day War began on the 5th of June 1967 when Israel launched a surprise attack on Egypt and eliminated Jordanian, Syrian, and Iraqi forces. The victory granted Israel control over the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank including East Jerusalem, the Shebaa farms, and the Golan Heights.
The peace treaty between Israel and Egypt was signed on the 26th of March 1979 following the Camp David Accords of September 1978. Under its terms, the Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egyptian hands and the agreement provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal.
A report by the Strategic Foresight Group estimated the opportunity cost of conflict for the Middle East from 1991 to 2010 at 12 trillion dollars. Israel's share was almost 1 trillion dollars, and the cost to Iraq and Saudi Arabia was approximately 2.2 and 4.5 trillion dollars respectively.