Short answers, pulled from the story.
The abstract noun anthropology first appeared in reference to history within the Oxford English Dictionary of 1859. Its present use emerged during Renaissance Germany through the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann.
Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau created a chair in anthropology and ethnography at the French National Museum of Natural History in 1850. This position formalized the study of human groups as a whole in relation to nature.
Franz Boas developed the four field approach in the early twentieth century within the United States including biological or physical anthropology, social cultural or sociocultural anthropology, archaeological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. These fields cover biological evolution, comparative culture, physical remains, and communication processes.
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century America and Europe were formative periods where racism played a significant role motivating certain avenues of research including early bioarchaeology development. A major driver behind the field creation was the effort to establish intellectual superiority of the white race.
Cyborg anthropology originated as sub-focus group within American Anthropological Association annual meeting in 1993 exploring philosophical sociological ramifications of Donna Haraway Cyborg Manifesto published 1985. Digital anthropology studies relationship between humans and digital-era technology extending to various areas where anthropology and technology intersect.