Short answers, pulled from the story.
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity that crosses biology and sociology. It is concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and the past, including archaic humans.
The four fields are biological or physical anthropology, sociocultural anthropology, archaeological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. This four-field approach was developed by Franz Boas in the early 20th century, and the fields frequently overlap while using different methods.
The present use of the word anthropology first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. They built the Neo-Latin anthropologia from the Greek words for human and study, and the adjectival form had appeared earlier in the works of Aristotle.
When Darwin and Wallace unveiled the theory of evolution in the late 1850s, there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca read Darwin, became a convert to evolutionism, and in 1859 formed the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, the first explicitly anthropological society.
Cultural relativism is the notion that cultures should not be judged by another's values or viewpoints, but examined dispassionately on their own terms. Present-day anthropologists typically advocate it as part of their quest for scientific objectivity, and it influences all subfields of anthropology.
Anthropologists' involvement with the US government has caused bitter controversy within the discipline. In 2009 the American Anthropological Association's commission concluded that ethnographic work determined by military missions in a coercive environment, as under the Human Terrain System program in Afghanistan and Iraq, can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology.
Anthropology includes many subfields such as economic, medical, cognitive, transpersonal, forensic, cyborg, and digital anthropology, along with ethnomusicology and the anthropology of art. Forensic anthropology applies physical anthropology and human osteology to identify remains that are decomposed, burned, or otherwise unrecognizable.