Short answers, pulled from the story.
When a person experiences anger, their heart rate accelerates and blood pressure rises to pump more oxygen to the muscles. The body releases stress hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, preparing the individual to fight or flee from a perceived threat. This response begins in infancy and activates brain regions including the amygdala, the thalamus, and the anterior cingulate cortex.
Anger causes a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability, which reduces cognitive ability and the accurate processing of external stimuli. This cognitive distortion leads angry people to make risky decisions and to rely more on stereotypes than on details. The angry mind focuses attention only on anger-causing events while ignoring the broader context of the situation.
Ancient Greek philosophers like Galen and Seneca regarded anger as a kind of madness and generally showed a hostile attitude towards it. Aristotle ascribed some value to anger that has arisen from perceived injustice because it is useful for preventing injustice. He stated that the person who is angry at the right things and toward the right people is morally praiseworthy.
In Judaism, anger is considered a negative trait, and Maimonides rules that one who becomes angry is as though that person had worshipped idols. In Christianity, wrath is one of the Seven Deadly Sins, yet some Christian writers have regarded the anger caused by injustice as having some value. In Islam, anger is considered to be instigated by Satan, and the Quran instructs people to restrain their anger.
Modern psychology has developed strategies ranging from cognitive behavioral therapy to medication to manage anger. Conventional therapies involve restructuring thoughts and beliefs to bring about a reduction in anger, often using techniques like stress inoculation to teach relaxation skills. Certain psychiatric medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and anticonvulsant mood stabilizers show effectiveness in controlling symptoms of anger, hostility, and irritability.
Research by Matsumoto found that participants were unable to assign a nationality to people demonstrating expression of anger, suggesting that there are no ethnic-specific expressions of anger. However, other studies have found differences in how someone expresses an emotion, especially the emotion of anger, in people with different ethnicities, based on frequency. White non-Hispanic Americans expressed more verbal aggression than Mexican Americans, although when it came to physical aggression expressions there was no significant difference between both cultures.