Short answers, pulled from the story.
Anger, also known as wrath or rage, is an intense emotional state involving a strong, uncomfortable, and non-cooperative response to a perceived provocation, hurt, or threat. It produces physical effects including increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, flushed face, flared nostrils, and raised levels of the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Psychologists recognize hasty and sudden anger, settled and deliberate anger, and dispositional anger. Hasty and sudden anger is tied to self-preservation and shared with animals, settled and deliberate anger is a reaction to perceived deliberate harm or unfair treatment, and dispositional anger relates to character traits such as irritability, sullenness, and churlishness.
Anger reduces cognitive ability and the accurate processing of external stimuli, making dangers seem smaller and ventures seem more likely to succeed. Angry people make riskier decisions, rely more on stereotypes, and show correspondence bias, blaming behavior on a person's nature rather than their circumstances.
According to the Gallup World Poll, the countries that experienced the most anger were Lebanon, Turkey, Armenia, Iraq, and Afghanistan, while the countries that experienced the least were Finland, Mauritius, Estonia, Portugal, and the Netherlands. In 2021-23 percent of adults reported a lot of anger, up from 18 percent in 2014.
Anger can be treated with cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, and stress inoculation that teaches relaxation and cognitive control skills, along with deep breathing as a first step to calming down. Certain psychiatric medications, including SSRIs like sertraline and antipsychotics like aripiprazole and risperidone, may help control symptoms of anger, hostility, and irritability.
Galen and Seneca regarded anger as a kind of madness, with Seneca calling it worthless even for war, while Aristotle ascribed value to anger arising from perceived injustice because it helps prevent injustice. In religion, Judaism treats anger as a negative trait, Catholicism lists wrath among the Seven Deadly Sins, Buddhism counts it among the three kleshas at the root of samsara, and Islam considers it instigated by Satan.