Short answers, pulled from the story.
Workers in the Sinai Peninsula left graffiti in turquoise mines that became the Proto-Sinaitic script around 1800 BC. John and Deborah Darnell discovered an earlier version of this alphabet at Wadi el-Hol valley in 1999. The script dated to approximately 1850 BC and showed evidence adapted from specific forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Ugaritic, invented before the 15th century BC, was the best-attested Bronze Age alphabet with thirty signs including three indicating following vowels. It fell out of use after the destruction of Ugarit in 1178 BC. This early system had no characters representing vowels and probably began as a syllabary before symbols were removed.
Greek colonists carried the Euboean form of the Greek alphabet to the Italian peninsula giving rise to many alphabets for Italic languages like Etruscan. One of these evolved into the Latin alphabet which spread across Europe as the Roman Republic expanded. Today it is the most widely used script in the world covering modern Europe Africa the Americas and Oceania.
Hangul appeared in Korea when Sejong the Great created it in 1443. This unique featural alphabet designs letter shapes based on the place of articulation such as P looking like a widened mouth. Bopomofo serves as a semi-syllabary primarily used in Taiwan to transcribe Standard Chinese sounds since the early 1900s.
Peter T. Daniels distinguishes true alphabets that use letters to represent both consonants and vowels from abugidas and abjads. Abugidas indicate vowels with diacritics added to letters while abjads generally lack vowel indicators altogether. The earliest known alphabet using this sense is the Wadi el-Hol script believed to be an abjad.