Short answers, pulled from the story.
The three main classes are prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. Prepositions place the word before its complement as English does with in or under. Postpositions place the word after the noun like Turkish does with bi ... re meaning with.
English, German, French, and Welsh predominantly use prepositions. These languages usually place verbs before objects matching head-initial phrase structures. Latin presents an exception by using mostly prepositions while keeping verbs after objects.
Otto Jespersen noted this contradiction in 1933. He observed that such usage goes against prescriptive rules derived from Latin grammar. Many North Germanic languages including Swedish also permit stranding today.
Inflected adpositions mark agreement directly onto relational words rather than remaining unchanged across contexts. Welsh prepositions inflect for person and number creating forms like gyda i meaning with me. Arabic examples show min becoming mīnī when combined with first-person singular pronouns.
Static meanings indicate location without movement as seen in behind the house. Directional meanings distinguish between telic paths ending at a point and atelic directions pointing toward one. Projective interpretations depend on speaker perspective regarding either side of the building.